Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Immune response, Growth performance, Poultry Literature depicts the extending horizon in the exploration of natural feed additives in In the poultry feed but there are inquiries concerning their activity, metabolic pathwaysĪnd standard inclusion level in poultry, which are yet to be investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to prepare a double-coated, slow-release, and water-retention urea fertilizer (DSWU) to reduce environment pollution derived from excessive nitrogen fertilizer use. Ethylcellulose (EC) and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (P(AA-co-AM)) were used as inner and outer coating materials, respectively. The structural and chemical characteristics of the product, as well as its efficiency in slowing the nitrogen release and water evaporation in soil were examined. The nitrogen content of the product was 21.1% and its water absorbency was 70 times its own weight in tap water. Additionally, the biodegradation of EC coating in soil was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of EC coating decreased with the time prolonged, which indicated the biodegradability of EC coating in soil. These studies showed that the product with good slow-release and water-retention properties, being environmentally friendly, would find good application in agriculture and horticulture.Įssential oils (EO) are volatile aromatic compounds extracted from whole plants, are secondary metabolites usually made up of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Since the middle ages, essential oils have been widely used for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, medical and cosmetics applications, especially now a day, in pharmaceutical, sanitary, agriculture and food. Different type of EOs from a wide range of herbs and spices have been identified to have the potential for rumen manipulations and enhancing animal productivity as alternatives to chemical feed additivities. Essential oils as natural feed additives to enhance fiber digestion, reduce methane production, increase microbial protein synthesis and improve microbial activity. They help to maintain microflora balance, inhibit gut pathogens and reduce shedding of foodborne bacteria.
They are being used to treat gut disorder and diseases. A major concern of this review is to summarize the role of ES as a substitution of antibiotic growth promoters, the effect on rumen digestion and improving animal performances.
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